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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERISED GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
RETRIVAL SYSTEM (GIRS)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
According to Chang, K. T. (2008), Geographic
Information Retrieval System (GIRS) is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of geographical data. The
acronym GIRS is sometimes used for geographical information science or
geospatial information a study which refers to the academic discipline or
career of working with geographic information system. In simplest terms GIRS is
the merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology.
A geographical information retrieval system can
be thought of as a system which digitally creates and manipulates spatial areas
that may be jurisdictional, purpose or application- oriented. Generally, a GIRS
can be custom designed for an organization. Hence, a GIS developed for an
application jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose may not be necessarily
interoperable or compatible with a GIRS that has been developed for some other
application, jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose. What goes beyond a GIRS is a
spatial infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries.
In general sense, the term GIRS describes any
information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares and
displays geographic information for informed decision making. GIRS applications
are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user – created
searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps and present the
result of all these operations. Geographic information science is the science
underlying geographic concepts, applications and systems.
The link between geography and information
technology can not to a very large extent be over- emphasized.
Using Enugu State tourism board as a case study
has helped to give a comprehensive understanding of the importance and the need
of a geographic information system, as it is believed, information technology
has a significant role in geographic information system and high level of
expectations would and is already being demanded from its use both in Nigeria
and the world at large.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In our daily lives as humans, most of our
endeavors involve moving from one location to another for one thing or the
other. A problem emerges when there is no proper direction or a system as to
give accurate direction in locating our destination, what the said destination
contains and what is has to offer.
This is the problem the state has as concerning
tourism, whereby a good number of tourists (most especially tourists visiting
for the very first time) and other individuals wanting to visit tourist sites
in the state but cannot do so because of the lack of a well detailed system to
provide them (tourists) with an accurate geographic information system as to
how to locate these sites within the state.
Due to the lack of an accurate geographic
information retrieval system as far as tourism is concerned, most tourists are
discouraged from exploring these tourist locations within the state, this in
turn hampers the positive impact that tourism is meant to have on the
development in the state and the Nigerian society at large.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To examine the existing / current system in
regards to how geographic information for tourism is provided for tourists in
and outside the state.
2. To improve on the already existing system by
designing a geographic information retrieval system that is well detailed and
easily accessible.
3. This study also seeks to help in broadening
the scope of tourism in the state through providing a comprehensive geographic
information retrieval system.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is to show that a
link between geography and other professions can be created on the platform of
information technology. i.e. to show that with information technology the
problem of location can and is solved to a very large extent.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study is limited to tourist
locations and hotels within the state using the Enugu state tourism board as a
case study in view of providing / improving on the existing geographic
information system of the board for tourism in the state.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Time was a major constraint faced during the
research for this project work and limited the effort in developing a much more
comprehensive package needed in the design and implementation of the geographic
information retrieval system.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
GEOGRAPHY: Geography is a science that deals with
the distribution and arrangement of all elements of the earth‟s surface. The
word geography was adopted in the 200s BC by the Greek Scholar Eratosthenes and
means „earth description.‟
INFORMATION SYSTEM: An information system can be
defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or
retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support decision making
and control in an organization.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM: A
“geographic information system” (GIRS) is a computer-based tool that allows you
to create, manipulate, analyze, store and display information based on its
location
LOCATION: The position, site or sitting of
somebody or something.
MAP: A diagrammatic drawing of something such as
a route or area made to show the location or how to get there.
TOURISM: Travel to benefit from a particular
service or activity that is unavailable at home.
COMPUTER : An electronic device that can accept
data/ information inform of input , process the data /information in order to
produce an output and also has the capability to store the information for
future use.
DATA: Data refers to raw or unprocessed
information.
SOFTWARE: This is the logically written
instruction that controls the operations of the hardware.
HARDWARE: This is the physical components of
computer system and other geographic tools or devices.
DATABASE: This is the collection of related data/
information stored mostly in a central location.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD): Software programs
for the design, drafting and presentation of graphics. Originally designed for
manufacturing and drawing, now also widely used for mapping.
OPERATING SYTEM: A series of computer programs
which control the operations of the computer itself. Application programs such
as GIS software run under an operating system. Examples of operating system
include UNIX, VMS, DOS etc.
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